Open system (computing)

Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. (It can also mean specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning.)

Telecommunications network

A telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals. Networks may use circuit switching or message switching. Each terminal in the network must have a unique address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space.

Example of how nodes may be interconnected with links to form a telecommunications network

Database Definition

A database is a set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in such a way that a computer can easily find the desired information.

Data is a collection of distinct pieces of information, particularly information that has been formatted (i.e., organized) in some specific way for use in analysis or making decisions.

A database can generally be looked at as being a collection of records, each of which contains one or more fields (i.e., pieces of data) about some entity (i.e., object), such as a person, organization, city, product, work of art, recipe, chemical, or sequence of DNA. For example, the fields for a database that is about people who work for a specific company might include the name, employee identification number, address, telephone number, date employment started, position and salary for each worker.

Several basic types of database models have been developed, including flat, hierarchical, network and relational. Such models describe not only the structure of the conforming databases but also the operations that can be performed on them. Typically, a database has a schema, which is a description of the model, including the types of entities that are in it and the relationships among them.

Flat databases are the simplest type. They were long the dominant type, and they can still be useful, particularly for very small scale and simple applications. An example is a single table on paper or in a computer file that contains a list of companies with information about each such as name, address, product category, contact name, etc. A flat database can also exist in the form of a set of index cards, each containing the information for one of the entities.

The development and subsequent rapid advance of electronic computers in the second half of the twentieth century led to the development of database models that are far more efficient for dealing with large volumes of information than flat databases. The most notable is the relational model, which was proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. Codd, a researcher at IBM, criticized existing data models for their inability to distinguish between the abstract descriptions of data structures and descriptions of the physical access mechanisms.

A relational database is a way of organizing data such that it appears to the user to be stored in a series of interrelated tables. Interest in this model was initially confined to academia, perhaps because the theoretical basis is not easy to understand, and thus the first commercial products, Oracle and DB2, did not appear until around 1980. Subsequently, relational databases became the dominant type for high performance applications because of their efficiency, ease of use, and ability to perform a variety of useful tasks that had not been originally envisioned.

Object-oriented databases became a new focus of research during the 1990s, in part because of the great success that the object-oriented concept was having in programming languages (e.g., C++ and Java). Such databases have had some success in fields in which it is necessary to accommodate bulky and more complex data than relational systems can easily cope with, such as multimedia and engineering data, and some object-oriented concepts were thus integrated into leading commercial relational database products.

Subsequently, during the past few years considerable attention has been devoted to XML (extensible markup language) databases because of their ability to eliminate the traditional division between documents and data by breaking down the former into more atomistic, machine-searchable units. Some XML concepts are likewise being integrated into the mainstream relational database products.

Hypermedia can be considered to be a type of network database. Hypermedia is a computer-based information retrieval system that enables a user to gain or provide access to text, images (both still and moving) and sound via hyperlinks. Most hypermedia consists of hypertext, and the largest example by far is, of course, the web.

Such databases have a very different structure and means for accessing and maintaining them than relational databases, and in some ways they can appear to be highly anarchic. One of the most important advances in the past few years has been the development of high performance search mechanisms, most notably Google, that greatly increase the usefulness and convenience of such databases.

A database management system (DBMS) is software that has been created to allow the efficient use and management of databases, including ensuring that data is consistent and correct and facilitating its updating. For small, single user databases, all functions are often managed by a single program; for larger and multi-user databases, multiple programs are usually involved and a client-server architecture is generally employed. The first DBMSs were developed in the 1960s in an attempt to make more effective use of the new direct access storage devices (i.e., hard disk drives) that were becoming available as supplements and eventual replacements for punched cards and magnetic tape. The word database is commonly used in a broad sense to refer not only just to structured data but also to the DBMS that is used with it.

Some types of databases, particularly relational databases, can be easily manipulated, and information can be obtained from them in an extremely flexible manner by using queries, which are statements in specialized languages. The dominant query language is the semi-standardized SQL (structured query language), which differs slightly according to the specific DBMS. Although critics claim that SQL is not consistent with the relational model, it works extremely well in practice and no replacement is on the horizon.

Databases can be stand-alone programs, or they can be built into other programs, including those that are considered part of the operating system. The typical computer contains numerous databases of the latter type. They include the many plain text (i.e., human-readable characters) configuration files that allow users to easily modify system behavior on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, such as /etc/fstab, /etc/hosts and /etc/passwd. Likewise, web browsers contain simple databases listing the most recently visited web sites and user preferences, and e-mail programs contain simple databases listing e-mail addresses, recent communications and user preferences.

The term database was originally written as data base, and it may have been first used in 1963 at a symposium sponsored by the System Development Corporation of Santa Monica, California. The use of the term database (single word) became popular in some European countries in the early 1970s, and it subsequently spread to the U.S.

Mainframe

A mainframe is an ultra high-performance computer made for high-volume, processor-intensive computing. They are typically used by large businesses and for scientific purposes. You probably won't find a mainframe in any household. In the hierarchy of computers, mainframes are right below supercomputers, the most powerful computers in the world. (Which is why they are aptly named "supercomputers.") Yet a mainframe can usually execute many programs simultaneously at a high speed, whereas supercomputers are designed for a single process. Currently, the largest manufacturers of mainframes are IBM and Unisys

midrange

In general, midrange refers to computers that are more powerful and capable than personal computers but less powerful and capable than mainframe computers. (Computer power is sometimes measured in terms of millions-of-instructions-per-second - MIPS. Capability includes, for example, how many devices can be connected to and interact with the computer at the same time.) The computer industry does not define exactly what characteristics constitute "midrange."

Microcomputer

The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically read-only memory and random access memory), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.

Business process improvement (BPI)

Business process improvement (BPI) is making internal changes within a business to improve the efficiency and profitability of the organization, be it for profit, non-profit, or government agencies. During the manufacturing era is when most BPI techniques were developed. During this time and some time after, BPI’s were refined and today we have access to proven techniques of successful business process improvements.
BPI’s begin by solving three basic dilemmas:
1. determining what the organization’s strategic purposes and goals are,
2. determining who the stakeholders or customers are, and
3. changing the business process to achieve the organization’s goals.
A BPI’s goal is to make drastic changes in the organization’s structure, not small incremental changes. Everyone in the organization, from the top all the way to the bottom, must be involved for this to work. The problem arises when managers or employees believe the system they are already using works fine, and no changes need to be made. Managers typically don’t like change, and employees fear they will lose their jobs. If these obstacles cannot be overcome, then the business process improvement designed for that organization will fail.
Every organization is different; therefore different changes are implemented to meet the specific needs of each business. BPI’s approach each new organization as a project, so project management applies. They define the basic structure and processes already being used. It is then decided what the desired results are and a plan is formed that would use the best approach to gain the desired results. Finally, the changes are implemented to gain the results the organization wanted. 
There are different methodologies that use different tools to create a successful outcome. Finding the one to match the business is half the battle. Sometimes the methodology changes and develops as the project moves into different stages. Everyone must be flexible to the changes and work together as a team to acquire a more efficient and profitable organization.

E-business (electronic business)

E-business (electronic business), derived from such terms as "e-mail" and "e-commerce," is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners. One of the first to use the term was IBM, when, in October, 1997, it launched a thematic campaign built around the term. Today, major corporations are rethinking their businesses in terms of the Internet and its new culture and capabilities. Companies are using the Web to buy parts and supplies from other companies, to collaborate on sales promotions, and to do joint research. Exploiting the

convenience, availability, and world-wide reach of the Internet, many companies, such as Amazon.com, the book sellers, have already discovered how to use the Internet successfully

The main kinds of information systems in business are described briefly below:

Information System	Description
Executive Support Systems	An Executive Support System ("ESS") is designed to help senior management make strategic decisions. It gathers, analyses and summarises the key internal and external information used in the business. A good way to think about an ESS is to imagine the senior management team in an aircraft cockpit - with the instrument panel showing them the status of all the key business activities. ESS typically involve lots of data analysis and modelling tools such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.
Management Information Systems	A management information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing systems (see below) and summarise it into a series of management reports. MIS reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors.
Decision-Support Systems	Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. DSS often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models.
Knowledge Management Systems	Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people in the organisation to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants. KMS are built around systems which allow efficient categorisation and distribution of knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an intranet.
Transaction Processing Systems	As the name implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example: - Billing systems to send invoices to customers - Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments - Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements - Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business
Office Automation Systems	Office Automation Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example is the wide range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.

Pengenalan Kepada CBIS

1.1    Pengenalan Kepada CBIS

Sistem maklumat berasaskan komputer (CBIS) amat luas penggunaanya, ianya  bukan sahaja terhad kepada organisasi besar sahaja, bahkan digunakan oleh syarikat-syarikat kecil sehingga peringkat individu di rumah. Ini membuktikan betapa pentingnyan sistem maklumat dalam kehidupan kita. Oleh itu, adalah wajar kita memahami dengan lebih lanjut apakah yang dimaksudkan       dengan sistem maklumat, komponen-komponen binaannya dan kebaikan penggunaannya.

1.2.1   Konsep Sistem

Sistem adalah satu koleksi komponen-komponen yang berkaitan antara satu sama lain dan saling berinteraksi untuk mencapai matlamat.  Ciri-ciri satu sistem adalah :

a.    Tujuan

Matlamat atau objektif yang hendak dicapai.

b.    Komponen

Beberapa elemen dan dikenali sebagai sub-sistem.

c.    Sempadan

Garisan pemisah di antara sistem luar dengan sistem dalam. Sempadan mengasingkan sistem dengan persekitaran luar.

d.    Antaramuka

Titik atau laluan atau bukaan di sempadan di mana input daripada persekitaran masuk ke dalam sistem dan output daripada sistem keluar ke persekitaran.

e.   Input

Sebarang objek atau elemen yang masuk daripada persekitaran ke  dalam sistem. Input diperlukan bagi membolehkan komponen-komponen sub-sistem berfungsi dan bertugas.

f.    Output

Input yang masuk akan diproses dan keluarkan kepada persekitaran sebagai output.

 

 

       

 

 

          

 

 

RAJAH 1.1 : CIRI-CIRI SISTEM

 

f.     Data

Data merupakan input kepada sesebuah sistem maklumat. Data adalah   sesuatu yang belum diproses dan mempunyai maksudnya yang tersendiri. Contohnya huruf, nombor, imej, bunyi atau video.

       

g.    Maklumat

      Data yang telah diproses dan bermakna. Maklumat yang selalunya dihasilkan   oleh  sistem maklumat adalah dalam format laporan, graf dan paparan pada skrin.

1.2       ciri-ciri maklumat yang baik untuk kegunaan pengguna

1.2.1   Tepat

Maklumat yang dihasilkan bebas daripada ralat. Maklumat yang mengandungi ralat  adakalanya lebih merbahaya daripada keadaan tiada maklumat. Ini kerana maklumat sedemikian mungkin membuatkan pengguna mengambil keputusan yang salah.

1.2.2    Lengkap

Maklumat sempurna dan lengkap bermaksud segala keperluan  pengguna   maklumat dipenuhi.

1.2.3      Berwibawa

Maklumat tersebut mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi disamping  boleh dirujuk semula akan sumber maklumat tersebut sekiranya dikehendaki.

1.2.4      Relevan

Maklumat yang dapat memenuhi kehendak dan kemahuan pengguna maklumat.

1.2.5      Jimat

Maklumat yang akan dihasilkan oleh sistem maklumat tersebut mestilah  mempunyai ciri keberkesanan kos, dimana pelaburan bagi menghasilkan maklumat tersebut adalah rendah berbanding pendapatan ataupun keuntungan yang diperolehi.

1.2.6      Anjal

Maklumat yang dihasilkan boleh digunakan oleh orang ramai  (pengguna) dan untuk pelbagai tujuan.

1.2.7    Ringkas

Maklumat yang dipersembahkan kepada pengguna hendaklah dalam bentuk yang mudah difahami.  Maklumat yang terlalu padat atau terlalu banyak boleh menyebabkan limpahan maklumat kepada pengguna.

1.2.8     Pemasaan (Timely)

Ciri ini sangat penting kerana maklumat di luar masa dikehendaki, mungkin tidak lagi berguna.  Apabila pengguna maklumat memerlukan suatu maklumat pada suatu masa dan tempat, maka sistem maklumat tersebut seharusnya berkeupayaan untuk menjanakan maklumat tersebut tepat pada waktunya.

1.2.9     Keselamatan

Maklumat seharusnya mempunyai ciri sekuriti bagi membolehkan hanya orang yang berhak dan layak sahaja memilikinya.

1.3    Sistem Maklumat

Sistem maklumat adalah satu koleksi komponen-komponen yang berkaitan di antara satu sama lain dan saling berinteraksi untuk ‘keluar-masuk’, memproses dan menghasilkan output yang boleh digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif.

Fungsi-fungsi utama sistem maklumat adalah:

·         Menerima input ialah penerimaan fakta atau data  yang datang dari luar sistem.

·         Pemprosesan data ialah pengolahan (manipulasi) data untuk menjadi maklumat.

·         Output ialah penghasilan maklumat untuk digunakan di luar sistem.

·         Storan data ialah tempat menyimpan maklumat untuk rujukan atau kegunaan di masa akan datang.

1.4    Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer

Suatu sistem maklumat boleh dikategorikan kepada dua iaitu manual dan automasi.  Sistem maklumat automasi juga turut dikenali sebagai sistem maklumat berkomputer atau sistem maklumat berasaskan komputer.   Sebelum kehadiran komputer, semua sistem maklumat adalah dalam bentuk manual iaitu proses pengumpulan data dan mengolah maklumat dilaksanakan tanpa mengunakan komputer. Namun setelah wujudnya komputer, hampir kebanyakan sistem maklumat yang digunakan dewasa ini adalah automasi atau menggunakan komputer sehingga menyebabkan istilah sistem maklumat menjadi sinonim dengan sistem maklumat berkomputer.

1.4.1      Komputer dan Sistem Maklumat

Ia saling memerlukan antara satu sama lain. Sistem maklumat yang tepat, sistematik dan pantas dapat diwujudkan melalui penggunaan  komputer.

 

1.5      Peranan DAN FUNGSI CBIS

1.5.1  PERANAN CBIS

Untuk pengetahuan kita, sistem maklumat mempunyai 5 fungsi utama iaitu:

·         input,

·         proses,

·         output storan

·         kawalan

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan 5 fungsi atau aktivi sistem maklumat serta hubungan antaranya.

 

Sumber :  Management Information Sistem oleh James A.O’Brien.

	RAJAH 1.2 : FUNGSI-FUNGSI CBIS

 

1.5.2      Fungsi CBIS

a.    Input

Data mentah sama ada daripada organisasi atau persekitaran luaran untuk dIproses.

b.   Proses

Menukarkan data mentah kepada maklumat yang berguna.

c.   Output

Mengagihkan maklumat yang telah diproses kepada manusia untuk  digunakan.

d.    Storan

Ruang penyimpanan kepada sumber data yang telah ditukarkan kepada bentuk maklumat.

e.    Kawalan

Mengawal perjalanan dan memastikan pencapaian  atau kemajuan sistem maklumat.

1.6 Komponen-komponen Sistem Maklumat Berbantukan Komputer

1.6.1      Perkakasan (Hardware)

Alatan fizikal sesebuah komputer. Contoh: papan kekunci, monitor, Unit Pemprosesan Pusat (CPU), tetikus, pencetak dan sebagainya.  Perkakasan digunakan untuk tujuan memasukkan data, memproses data menjadi maklumat, mengeluar serta menyimpan maklumat.  Manakala peralatan komunikasi membolehkan perkongsian maklumat melalui rangkaian dan penyambungan.

1.6.2      Perisian (Software)

Set arahan yang menggerakkan perkakasan.  Contoh Microsoft Word, Excel, Access dan sebagainya.  Secara umum perisian komputer terbahagi kepada 2 jenis iaitu perisian sistem dan perisian aplikasi.  Kedua-dua jenis perisian ini dibangunkan dengan menggunakan bahasa pengaturcaraan.

1.6.3      Manusia

Mengeluarkan produk, memberi perkhidmatan, meyelesaikan masalah dan membuat keputusan.  Manusia yang menggunakan komputer dikenali sebagai pengguna akhir (end user) atau pengguna.

1.6.4      Data

Meliputi semua jenis data yang tersimpan dan digunakan oleh sistem maklumat tersebut.  Data boleh terdiri daripada fakta-fakta, nombor, perkataan, imej, audio dan video. Binaan asas bagi data merupakan abjad, simbol khas seperti (?), noktah bertindih (; ) dan sebagainya.

1.6.5      Prosedur

Arahan yang menerangkan bagaimana untuk mengendalikan dan menggunakan sistem maklumat.

Rajah 1.3 di bawah menunjukkan aliran data ke komputer untuk diproses menjadi maklumat.

 

 

Sumber :  Management Information Sistem oleh James A.O’Brien.

	RAJAH 1.3 : Sistem Maklumat Berbantukan  Komputer

 

1.7    Model CBIS

Model dalam pembangunan sistem, boleh ditakrifkan sebagai perwakilan bahagian tertentu yang diambil daripada alam nyata. Dalam keadaan tertentu,  model adalah sama seperti produk sebenar. Terdapat juga model yang ditunjukkan dalam bentuk perwakilan grafik dan animasi. Bagi pembangunan sistem maklumat , model yang digunakan termasuk input, output, proses, data, objek , interaksi antara objek , lokasi, rangkaian dan juga peranti-peranti yang terlibat.

Model yang digunakan dalam pembangunan sistem maklumat ialah model perancangan projek (Project Planning Model ), seperti carta PERT dan CARTA GANTT. Model ini menunjukan perwakilan projek pembangunan sistem itu sendiri, yang mana mengenengahkan tugasan atau aktiviti dan tarikh siap bagi setiap aktiviti tersebut.  Model lain yang berkaitan dengan pengurusan projek ialah carta yang menunjukkan agihan tenaga kerja bagi suatu projek. Carta ini dipanggil Carta Hierarki Organisasi ( Organizational Hierarchy Chart )

Jadual 1.1 dibawah menunjukkan contoh-contoh model yang diperlukan bagi proses pembangunan Sistem Maklumat.

Model Komponen Sistem	Carta Alir Rajah Aliran Data Rajah Perhubungan Entiti Carta Struktur Rajah Kes Kepenggunaan Rajah Kelas Rajah Aliran
Model Pengurusan Proses Pembangunan	Carta PERT Carta GANTT Rajah Struktur Organisasi Model Analisis Kewangan NPV ROI

Sumber :  Management Information Sistem oleh

James A.O’Brien.

	JADUAL 1.1 : MODEL PEMBANGUNAN SISTEM MAKLUMAT

 

 

Soalan 1

Takrifkan istilah-istilah berikut :

i.      Sistem

ii.     Sistem Maklumat

iii.    Data

iv.   Maklumat

v.    Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer

Soalan 2

Nyatakan ciri-ciri maklumat yang baik.

Soalan 3

Berikan 2 contoh Sistem Maklumat yang wujud pada masa kini. Anda dikehendaki memberi penerangan tentang sIstem maklumat tersebut  berdasarkan aspek berikut :

i.      Nama sistem tersebut

ii.     Pengenalan kepada sistem

iii.    Kebaikan sistem

iv.   Proses-proses yang terlibat .

v.    Rekabentuk input dan rekabentuk output.

Syarat-syarat tugasan

i.              Tugasan berkumpulan, bilangan ahli 2 orang

ii.             Tugasan ini perlu dipersembahkan di hadapan kelas.

Soalan 4

Nyatakan fungsi utama Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS).

Soalan 5

5.                                                 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan jawapan yang betul.

     

Model Komponen Sistem	_______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________
Model Pengurusan Proses Pembangunan	_______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

 

SOALAN 1

i.      Sistem adalah satu koleksi komponen-komponen yang berkaitan   antara   satu sama lain  dan saling berinteraksi untuk mencapai matlamat.

ii.     Sistem maklumat adalah satu koleksi komponen-komponen yang berkaitan   antara  satu sama lain dan saling berinteraksi untuk menerima inout , memproses serta menghasilkan output yang digunakan bagi mencapai sesuatu objektif.

iii.    Data merupakan input kepada sesebuah sistem maklumat. Data  adalah sesuatu yang belum diproses dan mempunyai meksudnya yang tersendiri. Contohnya huruf, nombor, imej, bunyi atau video.

iv.  Data yang telah diproses dan bermakna. Maklumat yang selalunya  dihasilkan oleh sistem maklumat adalah dalam format laporan, graf dan paparan pada skrin.

v.  Suatu sistem maklumat boleh dikategorikan kepada 2 iaitu manual dan automasi. Sistem maklumat automasi juga turut dikenali sebagai sistem maklumat berkomputer atau sistem maklumat berasaskan komputer.

SOALAN 2

Berikut merupakan ciri-ciri maklumat yang baik untuk kegunaan pengguna.

i.    Tepat

Maklumat yang dihasilkan bebas daripada ralat. Maklumat yang    mengandungi ralat adakalanya lebih merbahaya daripada keadaan tiada maklumat. Ini kerana maklumat sedemikian mungkin menghasilkan keputusan silap yang langsung memberi pada kepada pengguna.

ii.     Lengkap

Maklumat sempurna dan lengkap bermaksud segala keperluan  pengguna   maklumat dipenuhi.

iii.    Berwibawa

Maklumat tersebut mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi    disamping  boleh dirujuk semula akan sumber maklumat tersebut sekiranya dikehendaki.

iv.    Relevan

Maklumat yang dapat memenuhi kehendak dan kemahuan pengguna    maklumat.

v.    Jimat

      Maklumat yang akan dihasil oleh sistem maklumat tersebut mestilah mempunyai ciri keberkesanan kos dimana, pelaburan bagi menghasilkan maklumat adalah rendah berbandingkan pendapatan ataupun keuntungan yang diperolehi.

vi.   Anjal

Maklumat yang dihasilkan boleh digunakan oleh orang rammai  pengguna dan untuk pelbagai tujuan.

vii.  Ringkas

Maklumat yang dipersembahkan kepada pengguna maklumat hendaklah dalam bentuk yang mudah difahami dalam penggunaannya. Maklumat yang terlalu padat atau terlalu banyak menyebabkab keadaan limpahan maklumat kepada penggunanya.

viii.    Timely

Ciri ini sangat penting kerana maklumat di luar masa dikehendaki, mungkin tidak lagi berguna. Apabila pengguna maklumat memerlukan suatu maklumat pada sekian masa dan tempat, maka sistem maklumat tersebut seharusnya berkeupayaan untuk menjanakan maklumat tersebut tepat pada waktunya.

ix.   Keselamatan

Maklumat seharusnya mempunyai ciri sekuriti bagi membolehkan hanya orang yang berhak dan layak sahaja memilikinya.

SOALAN 3

i.              Cari sebarang sistem yang digunakan oleh organisasi/syarikat/jabatan     yang ada pada masa kini. Contohnya Sistem Pendaftaran Pelajar PSP.

ii.             Sistem Pendaftaran Pelajar PSP merekodkan maklumat peribadi pelajar, maklumat asrama dan maklumat berkaitan dengan peperiksaan bagi semua pelajar semester 1 hingga 6 Politeknik Seberang Perai (PSP). Sistem ini diuruskan oleh kakitangan Hal-hal pelajar PSP.

iii.            Kebaikan sistem :

§  Merekodkan maklumat pelajar secara sistematik dan pantas.

§  Maklumat pelajar dapat disimpan dengan cepat dan selamat

§  Pencarian rekod pelajar boleh dibuat  berdasarkan nama atau nombor pendaftaran.

§  Tidak berlaku sebarang tindanan maklumat.

§  Rekod pelajar dihubungkan dengan asrama, peperiksaan dan hal-hal pelajar

iv.           Proses-proses yang terlibat

 

 

 

SOALAN 4

 Fungsi CBIS

i.  Input

Data mentah sama ada daripada organisasi atau persekitaran luaran untuk diproses.

ii.   Proses

Menukarkan data mentah kepada maklumat yang berguna

iii.  Output

Mengagihkan maklumat yang telah diproses kepada manusia untuk  digunakan.

iv.  Storan

Ruang penyimpanan kepada sumber data yang telah ditukarkan ke bentuk maklumat.

v.   Kawalan

Mengawal perjalanan dan memastikan pencapaian  atau kemajuan sistem maklumat.